(word processor parameters LM=8, RM=75, TM=2, BM=2) Taken from KeelyNet BBS (214) 324-3501 Sponsored by Vangard Sciences PO BOX 1031 Mesquite, TX 75150 There are ABSOLUTELY NO RESTRICTIONS on duplicating, publishing or distributing the files on KeelyNet except where noted! September 2, 1993 TEDEM.ASC -------------------------------------------------------------------- This EXCELLENT file shared with KeelyNet courtesy of Ray Berry. -------------------------------------------------------------------- ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER DERIVED FROM A NEW MODEL OF INTERACTION BETWEEN MATTEN AND VACUUM SPACE By : Ove Tedenstig Idungatan 37, 19 551 M „ rsta Sweden (Published in Galilean ElectroDynamics, June 1993) ABSTRACT Electromagnetic theory as developed by many great scientists during a period of more than two centuries has been very successful. But many problems and questions remain unsolved. Source an origin of electro-magnetism is still not fully understood or explained. The model here presented will offer a new understanding of electro- magnetism. It is shown that electromagnetism is a result of a continuous interaction process between matter and the vacuum space. Electromagnetism is reduced to a problem which can be described in terms of pure Newtonian physics. ===================== Vacuum, or "empty space" is a concept used when trying to describe a void or a lack of matter. However, ever since Maxwell's days, this vacuum space has been allotted physical properties by associating physical constants to it. Two such constants are Eo, the PERMITTIVITY of the vacuum constant, and uo, the PERMEABILITY of the vacuum constant, associated with the electrical and magnetic properties of the electromagnetic field, respectively. When an electric voltage is connected to two plane parallel metal plates (a capacitor), a displacement current seems to flow through the "empty void" situated between the two plates. A current of electrons then flows through the wires connecting the two plates from the battery. The question we may ask is whether this void between the two plates is empty or if there is something hidden there which mediates the current? Page 1 When the capacitor has been charged, it has stored energy which later on can be supplied to an outer user. Then the next interesting question is, WHERE is the seat of this energy? A similar problem arises when letting an electric current flow through a metallic wire (a conductor). A magnetic field then is created, giving rise to a magnetic force on another conductor in the vicinity. Even here energy is stored and the question may be repeated: where is the seat of that energy? In a careful studium we will come to the conclusion that THE VACUUM ITSELF is the seat of that energy. That will lead us to a hydro- dynamical model of electromagnetism, a model which we shall here discuss briefly. ********************** THE THEORY Energy is defined by two main variables, mass and velocity. Transmitting these definitions to space we can imagine that property of space as a field of an invisible and un-touchable fluidum RESPONSIBLE for this energy storing. The field may be seen as a pre-stage of what we normally define as matter. Material particles then are parts of this field being fluctuations like condensed cores or drops in a cloud of rain. Particles interact with this field by exchanging energy and matter with it continously. As a consequence of these ideas, elementary particles as for instance electrons, are built up by stuff of this field but having a different and more ordered structure than the field. This order in chaos then makes the difference between matter and the vacuum space. q,C OOOO q,C ------> OOOOOO <------ ------> OOOO <------ qp,c External and internal pressure of particle are the same RULES OF INTERACTION BETWEEN PARTICLE AND VACUUM SPACE *) The amount of mass streaming into a particle is the same as this mass streaming out from it during the same time. *) Outer impact forces from the field impinging on the limiting area of the particle is in balance with INHERENT EXPANSIVE FORCES. *) The energy density of a particle is the same as the energy density of the outer vacuum field. *) The impulse density of the mass streaming into a particle is the same as this impulse density streaming out from it. Hence, electro-magnetism is a result of a continuous interaction process between particle and space. Mass from the field of density q and velocity C streams into the particle which converts it to an outstreaming field of another density, qp, and velocity, c. This in Page 2 and out-stream of matter we define as the electric field. NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF FORCE There is a persistent statement of the modern physic that Newton's fundamental laws are limited and partly erroneous. That is only true for the approximated case where the mass of a moving body is treated as a constant entity. Written in its complete form Newton's second law of force is written : (1) ================================ F= d/dt(mv) = dm/dt.v + m.dv/dt ================================ or in words, force is change of impulse (the product of mass and velocity) according with time. MASS FLOW Beside Newton's fundamental laws we also need some other basic relations from the fundamental physics. From hydromechanics (neglecting vector notations) we get the following relation: (2) ====================== m= q.A.t.v ====================== which says that the inflow mass to and through an area A will be, m, during the time, t, if the field density is, q, and having the velocity, v. Combining results from 1) and 2) then gives : (3) ======================= 2 F/A = q.v ======================= where F/A represents the outer impact pressure, q is the vacuum mass field density and, C, the field medium velocity of free field entities. =================== THE PRESSURE OF VACUMM SPACE We study an electron (or proton) as an entity of torus form, having a closed area, A. The outer pressure on that area is calculated from (3) to : (4) ======================= 2 F/A = q.C ======================= Page 3 where F/A is outer the pressure, q is the vacuum mass density and, C, the field medium velocity of free field entities. Matter of a primitive particle is a plasma of space field matter. With aid of (4) then the internal pressure of the particle then can be calculated to : (5) ======================= 2 F/A = qp.c ======================= where, qp, is the particle mass density and, c, is the limit velocity of matter (numerically the same as the light velocity in free space). External pressure of space and internal pressure of particle is the same. Equivalence between (4) and (5) then gives: (6) ===================== 2 2 q = c /C . qp ===================== There exists several particles with the same charge but with different mass (electron and protons for instance with a mass difference of appr. 2000 times). But for reason of limit of space here, we limit outself to the electron as our reference particle, the electron : ============================================================ PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF THE ELECTRON ============================================================ 2 2 2 Interacting area : Ae = Ka.re = 2.Pi.re 3 2 3 Particle volume : Ve = Kv.re = 2.Pi .re Converting time : te = Kt.re/c = 2.Pi.re/c 3 Mass density : qp= me/Ve = me/(Kv.re ) Relation area/volume: Ka/Kv = 1 ============================================================ According to the basic rules of interaction between particle and space, as defined above, mass streaming into the particle will be the same as the mass streaming out from it, measured over the same time. That gives the equalities : (7) ====================== me= q.A.te.C The amount of mass streaming IN from space to the electron during its converting time Page 4 mout= qout.Ae.te.c The amount of mass streaming OUT from the particle to space during the same time. =========================== The electron converting time is defined as the time it takes for an electron to exchange its whole mass content to the outer space environment (see definition in figure 3). Then equality between in and outflow in formula 7 gives : (8) ================== qout= c.C/c The outstream mass density closed to the particle surface ================== Because the outflow velocity is c (equal to the inherent limit velocity of matter in the particle plasma), the impulse field on distance, r, out from the source point is given by : (9) =================== _ 2 _ 2 E =(q.C).re .n/r The electric field density in a point on distance r from the source point =================== During the electron converting time (see figure 3), the electron's entire mass is exchanged to the environment space. Then by combining results from (6) and (8), where in and outstreaming mass is equal to the electron particle mass, gives : (10) ===================== C = Kt.(Ka/Kv).c Velocity and density of space ===================== DERIVING THE COULOMB'S LAW OF ELECTRIC FORCE Coulomb's law of electric force is the most well-known law of electromagnetism. Studying two points containing N1 and N2 electrons respectively, the N1 collection will spread a mass impulse field in accord with (9). This mass impulse is absorbed by the N2 electrons situated in another point on distance, r, and re-emitted by the electron's inherent spin, giving rise to a counter reaction force, all in accord with Newton's basic mass inertial laws. Calculating this electric field mass density on distance, r, by using (7) and the total mass inflow by (8) gives : (11) =========================================================== 2 _ min.c _ F = ------- . n.N1.N2 = re Page 5 2 2 q.(Kt.Ka.SQRT/Ka/kt).re .c.N).(Kt.Ka.SQRT(Ka/Kt).re .c.N) _ --------------------------2-------------------------------.n Ka.re ================================================================= Rewriting this result and inserting results from (1=) then gives : (12) ===================== Coulomb's law as empirically _ Q1.Q2 _ derived by experiments F = -------2---.n Ka.Eo.r ========================== from which we can identify: (13) ================================== 2 Q1 = Kt.Ka.SQRT(Ka/Kv).re .c.N1 Electric "charge" of a 2 particle collection with Q2 = Kt.Ka.SQRT(Ka/Kv).re .c.N2 N1 or N2 unit charges 2 eo = Kt.Ka.SQRT(Ka/Kv).re .c The unit charge (the charge of the electron q= 1/Eo ; Eo = 1/q The mass density of space and the parmeability of space ======================================= Using the "charge concept" is the common way to characterize a particles ability to interact electrically with its environment. THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH AROUND A CHARGED PARTICLE We have defined the electric field strength around a particle in formula (9). Using results from (10) and (13) we can rewrite this result to: (14) =================================== _ Q _ E = SQRT(Ka/Kv). --------2---.n Ka.Eo.r =================================== which correspond with common theory for SQRT(Ka/Kv)=1. THE STORED ENERGY IN A PLANE ELECTRIC CAPACITOR __________________________ A ! ! ================= ! D ! VOLUME= A.D ! - ================= --- + ! ------- ! ! !-------------------------- Page 6 Because the outflow velocity is c (equal to the inherent limit velocity of matter in the particle plasma), the impulse field on distance, r, out from the source point is given by : (? missing reference). In an electric capacitor, electric energy is stored in the space between the two plates. Our idea is that the hidden vacuum field in the space between the two plates is actuated by the free electrons on the plates. The matter associated with this field enclosed by the two plates is : (15) ==================== Mq = q.A.D The total field mass enclosed between the plates in a plain electric capacitor. ==================== During the electron converting time (as defined in figure (3), N free electrons exchange its mass to space. This mass is calculated by : (16) ========================== min= (me.N) = q.A.te.vf ========================== vf is the effective velocity of the q field driven by the interacting process from the free electrons. We solve out this velocity to : (17) ========================= vf= me.N/(q.A.te) The velocity of the q field enclosed between the plates of a capacitor ========================= Then, by using Newton's common law for calculating energy of a slow moving mass we get : (18) ==================================================================== 2 2 1/2.(Kt.Ka.SQRT(Ka/Kv).re .c.N).(Kt.Ka.SQRT(Ka/Kv).re .c.N) -----------------------2-----------3----------------------- .(D/A).(Ka/Kv) Ka.Kt .(Ka/Kv).re /me which is converted to : Q1.Q2 W= 1/2. --------.(D/A).(Ka/Kv) Eo ==================================================================== which is the same result as for common electromagnetic theory if Ka/Kv=1. Page 7 THE ELECTRIC VOLTAGE OVER A PLANE ELECTRIC CAPACITOR Electric voltage is by common theory defined as the length integral of the electric field strength, hence : (19) ========================= s _ _ Electric volatage is defined U = I E.ds.n by the length integral of the electric field strength ========================= For making it possible to make a comparison by our theory, we use the same definition. Then by integrating (9) we get : (20) ================================================== 2 (Kt.Ka.SQRT(Ka/Kv).re .c.N).SQRT(Ka/Kv) 1/q. -------------------2---------------------.D Ka.r which can be converted to : Q.D U = -------.SQRT(Ka/Kv) Eo.A ======================================================= a result which corresponds with common theory for the case of SQRT(Ka/Kv)=1 ELECTRIC CURRENT - THE ZERO IMPEDANCE OF VACUUM SPACE There are two basic ways of defining electric current. In common theory current is defined as the amount of "charge" which passes a cross area per unit time. (21) =================== i= Q/t Electric current as defined in the common way =================== The other way is to define the number of unit charges which passes the same cross area per unit time, hence : (22) =================== Electric current as defined by the IN = N/t number of unit charges passing =================== a cross area per unit time By using the common definition of impedance, we can calculate the space impedance in a capacitor by using the formulae (20) and (21), hence giving : (23) ========================== Z = U/i Page 8 eo.D.SQRT(Ka/Kv) Z = -------------------- Eo.Ae.eo.c =========================== Using limit values of the plane capacitor for the voltage (20) and the current (21), the zero or limit impedance of space can be calculated. The limit values are achieved for the case where the capacitor consists only by two single electrons with interacting area Ae on a mutual distance D=2.re from each other. Using (23) and replacing Ae with the electron area gives : (24) =============================== For D=2.re and Ka= 2.Kt 1 Zo is the zero Zo = ----.SQRT(Ka/Kt) impedance of free Eo.c space =============================== which corresponds with common theory for the case where SQRT(Ka/Kv)=1. THE CAPACITANCE CONCEPT We define a function f(x) which expresses the ability of a capacitor to store energy as a function of its geometrical properties together with properties of the environment space : (25) ======================= 2 W = 1/2.f(x).U ======================= Using results from (18) (20) then gives : (26) ===================== A.Eo C is the common symbole f(x) = ----------= C of electric capaciatance D ===================== The f(x) is the capacitance of the capacitor, usually denoted by letter C, (Farad). =================================== THE MAGNETIC FIELD When a charged particle moves, the environment void is effected in a very special manner. The physical phenomena and properties of the space associated to it is known by the concept of magnetism. Page 9 Y ! The moving charge in ---- the conductor creates ! ! a torsional effect in ---- ----> X a space element . . outside a conductor . . C=inflow by reason of a time c . . velocity phase shift of . . in and out . . c= outflow streaking . . velocity fields ------------------------------ -----> v ------------------------------ <--------- ds=v.dt ----------> A simple way to distinguish between the electric and magnetic field is to say that ELECTRIC PHENOMENA are associated with charges AT REST and MAGNETIC PHENOMENA are associated with CHARGED PARTICLES WHEN MOVING. Our ambition to begin with is to derive Biot-Savart's law for the B- field around a conductor, a physical law of similar importance as Coulomb's law of the electric field. We start from the most simple arrangement, a straight metallic wire in which an electric current flows. This electric current consists of free charges, carrying the electric current, put forward by an external voltage source to the end point of the wire loop. The wire is placed out in an x,y,z coordinate system. The current carrying particles - the electrons - are supposed to be smoothly distributed over the whole wire length. Hence, in a small section, s, there are N free electrons and the number of such electrons per length unit are (N/s) being a constant entity, K : (27) =================== K = Ns/s ; N =ds.K =================== The statical electric field from these free electrons is arrived at by (9) : (28) ================== _ _ _ E = qr.c ; qr= /E/c/ ================== It is our purpose to get a physical understanding of the magnetic field so we take aid of the figure 6 above. In a point outside the conductor, the field mass of the electric field is streaming in and out from the free electrons of the chosen segment, ds. THE INFLOW VELOCITY IS FASTER (see 10) than the corresponding outflow velocity (being equal to c). The result will be a torsional effect in the chosen space point. The angle between inflow and outflow vectors is "b" and is calculated by the general sinusial theorem : Page 10 (29) ========================================== sin a sin B -------- = --------- ; sin B = (v/c).sina c.dt v.dt ========================================== which is approximately valid for the assumption that the inflow velocity, C, IS MUCH LARGER than the outflow velocity, c. Then, the magnetic field strength is the product of the electric field mass on distance, r, (8) and this torsional component, sinb, hence given by : (3) ================================ _ B = qr.sin B Definition of magnetic flux density _ B = qr.(v/c).sin a by using (29) _ _ AxB = /A/./B/.sin a from common vector theory _ _ _ B = qr.(v/c).sin a = (E/c)x(v/c) ================================= From the definition of electric current (21) we had : (31) ================== _ _ v =(ds/Q).i ================== where the time function has been replaced by dt=ds/v, where , v, represents the medium current velocity in the conductor. The result of (31) inserted in (30) then gives : (32) ====================== _ _ ds _ dB = E x ------.i Q.c ====================== and by using results of the electric field from (9) and integrating along the whole conductor length gives : (33) =================================== _ SQRT(Ka/Kv) s _ 3 - B = ------2------.I r/r X i.ds Eo.c .Ka =================================== FORMULA 33 =================== from which we can define the permittivity of vacuum constant to: Page 11 (34) ==================== SQRT(Ka/Kv) uo = ------2- Eo.c ==================== All these results correspond well with common theory for the case where SQRT(Ka/Kv)=1. HOW AN ELECTROMOTORIC FORCE IS GENERATED BY INDUCTION IN A MAGNETIC FIELD When a metallic conductor moves in a magnetic field, an electromotoric force is generated, represented by a flowing current or a voltage over it. The effect will arise mainly by two reasons 1) if the magnetic field density is changed in accord with time or 2) if the conductor is accelerated or retarded in the B-field. The remarkable thing is that THESE TWO EFFECTS CORRESPOND with the two terms in Newton's second law of force. The first term gives : (35) ========================= F = fm/dt.v + m.dv/dt F = dm/dt.v ========================= Dividing with a small volume element, dV, gives a term dm/dV which is the B-field strength. Multiplying both sides with ds.dt gives the unity of voltage, hence : (36) =================================== (dm/dV) F/dV = ----------.v dt F.dt.ds ------- = (dB/dt).v.dt.ds dV For F.dt.ds/dV = U ; v=c and dt=dr/c : U = (dB/dt).dr.ds = (dB/dt).dA Electric voltage by induction ==================================== In a similar way we treat the second part of Newton's second law of force. Dividing both sides with a volume element, dV, gives the m/dV which is the B field strength. Then multiplying both sides with dt.ds giving the unity of voltage, hence: Page 12 (37) ======================================= F.dt.ds -------= B.(dv/dt).dt.ds dV For F.dr.ds/dV = U ; dt=dr/c gives : U = B.(dv/dt).dr.ds = B.(dv/dt).dA/c Electric voltage by induction ======================================== The total electromotoric effect then will be the sum of (36) and (37), giving : (37) =================================== U = ( dB/dt + (B/c).dv/dt ).dA =================================== (The second term is not known by common theory) THE FORCE EFFECT ON A CONDUCTOR SITUATED IN A CONSTANT B FIELD It is a well known effect that a conductor placed in a constant B- field will be effected by a magnetic force. The reason lies in the disturbing effect which the B field introduces on the spinning electrons in the conductor. This disturbance is represented by a mass inflow, min, which in combination with the electron spin give rise to a force calculated by: (39) ============================================ min = q.A.t.v 2 min.c B.(A0.c.Kt.N).to.c.ds F = ------- = ----------------------- = re re.Kt.to B.(Q/t).ds.SQRT(Kv/Ka) = B.i.ds.SQRT(Kv/Ka) s F = IB.i.ds.SQRT(Kv/Ka) =================================================== where the calculated force effect is the same as for common theory in the case where SQRT(Ka/Kv)=1. THE ENERGY STORED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD The energy stored in a magnetic field is a mechanical energy stored by moving entities in the vacuum field, hence can be calculated by Newtons general laws of non-relativistic mass : (40) ======================== 2 W = (1/2).m.v ======================== Page 13 The mass M here is represented by the mass in a small volume element, dV, outside the conductor, hence : (41) ================== M= dV.q ================== If vf is the effective velocity of the current in the conductor, the impulse q.vf is transferred to the outside space and converted to the impulse of B.c, giving the equality : (42) =================== _ _ B.c = q.vf _ _ vf = B/q.c =================== Inserting result from (41) and (42) in (40) then gives the stored energy per volume unit of the magnetic field : (43) =============================== 2 2 2 W = (1/2).(dV.q).B.c /q 2 W/dV = (1/2).B /uo =============================== MAXWELL's EQUATIONS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD The nucleus of James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory from 1867 consist of a set of formulae which describe the behavior of electric and magnetic field propagation. The theory was from the beginning an "aether" or mechanical theory, but this interpretation of electromagnetism later on was denied. Today only a barren shell of mathematical formalism reminds us of the "aether theory" and these do not say much of the cause and source of electromagnetism. The scientific value of these formulae therefore may be put into question since they seem to have been overestimated in importance. However, the most famous are: (44a) ========================== __ _ \/ E = 0 The electric field at free radiation from ap point source (44b) ========================== __ _ \/ B = 0 The magnetic field at free (44c) ========================== __ _ _ \/ E = -D B/Dt ( D is the partial derivative) Page 14 (44d) ========================== __ _ 2 _ \/ B = (1/c ).D E/ Dt DERIVING THE FORMULAE Because of space limitations, 44a and 44b are not derived here. However, it is a relatively easy task to get these results, which are achieved by deriving the field strength out from an electric or magnetic point source in respect to its coordinates, x,y and z. Therefore, we concentrate ourselves only on the two remaining formulae, which mainly are got by vectorially manipulating the base equation (30). (44c) is achieved by taking the time derivative of this equation, the (44d) is arrived at by taking the space derivative of it. (45) ================================ _ _ _ E x v B = ----2-- (from 30) c _ _ _ E x v DB/Dt = D/Dt ( ----2---- ) = c __ _ 2 _ _ 2 2 __ _ \/ v/ c.(E x v ) = -v /c .( \/ x E ) __ _ For v=c DB/Dt = - \/ X E (46) =================================================== __ _ __ _ _ 2 \/ x B = \/ x ( E x v/c ) __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ \/ x B = DE/Dt - v( \/.E ) - (E. \/).v + E( \/.v ) \------------/ \-----------------------------------/ Result Will be zero for a non accelerating according to point source Maxwell __ _ _ \/ x B = DE/Dt The result in accord with Maxwell valid for a non accelerating point source ========================================================== LIGHT AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Beside these famous equations treated above, historically Maxwell is famous for predicting electromagnetic fields propagating in the same way as light in free space. The conclusions were made on the basis of comparing results from the general wave equation based on how sound in air or mechanical waves were propagating in a medium, air and water for instance. But the modern physics do not confess any existence of a light Page 15 bearing aether, and the contradictory problem in Maxwell's theories therefore still remain. Vectorial manipulations are performed on results from (45) and (47) as shown in below. (48) ================================================ __ _ _ \/ x E = -DB/Dt (from 45) __ _ 2 _ \/ x B = 1/c . D/Dt .E (from 47) __ __ _ __2 _ __ __ _ __2 _ \/ x ( \/ x E ) ? - \/ E + \/( \/ E ) = - \/ E __ _ ( \/ E is equal to zero for a point source ) __ __ _ __ _ __ _ \/ x ( \/ x E ) = - \/(DB/Dt) = - D/Dt( \/ x B ) = 2 _ 2 2 2 _ D/Dt(1/c.D/Dt.E ) = 1/c .D /Dt .E __ _ 2 2 2 _ - \/ E = 1/c . D /Dt .E (49) ===================================================== __ _ _ \/ x E = DB/Dt (from 45) __ _ 2 _ \/ x B = 1/c .D/Dt.E (from 47) __ __ _ __2 _ __ __ _ __2 _ \/x( \/ x B ) = - \/ B + \/( \/ B ) = - \/ B __ _ ( \/ B is zero for a point source = __ __ _ __ 2 _ \/ x ( \/ x B ) = \/( 1/c. D/Dt.E ) = 2 __ _ 2 2 2 _ 1/c .D/Dt( \/ x E ) = 1/c . D /Dt .B __2 _ 2 2 2 _ - \/ B = 1/c . D /Dt .B ======================================================= The general wave equation is written : (50) ============================= __2 2 2 2 \/ Y = 1/v . D /Dt . Y ============================= The mathematical structure of (48),(49) and (50) is the same and it was this mathematical equivalency which gave Maxwell the idea of light being a medium carried wave. Since then many experiments have Page 16 been perfomed using light, clearly showing that no active light aether to exist. Only the mathematical equivalency remains intact. DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC CONSTANTS AND UNITS As an important consequence of this theory we can establish a new dimensional system where even the electromagnetic units are covered within the realm of Newton's ordinary units of Mass, Time and Length. This unit analysis is presented in a table, being a useful source of the TRUE SOURCE source and understanding of electromagnetism. ==================================== PHYSICAL ENTITY DIMENSION M L T ------------------------------------ MASS +1 0 0 LENGTH 0 +1 0 TIME 0 0 +1 VELOCITY 0 +1 -1 ACCELERATION 0 +1 -2 AREA 0 +2 0 VOLUME 0 +3 0 WAVELENGTH 0 +1 0 FREQUENCY 0 0 -1 MASS DENSITY +1 -3 0 MASS IMPULSE +1 +1 -1 MASS MOMENTUM -1 -2 -1 FORCE +1 +1 -2 ENERGY +1 +2 -2 Example : POWER +1 +2 -3 2 PRESSURE +1 -1 -2 Energy = m.v = MOMENTUM +1 +2 -2 2 ELECTRIC CHARGE 0 +3 -1 m.(s/t) = EL.CURRENT 0 +3 -2 PERMITTIBITY -1 3 0 2 2 PERMEABILITY +1 -5 +2 M.(L /T ) --> EL. VOLTAGE +1 -1 -1 EL. IMPEDANCE +1 -4 +1 +1 +2 -2 EL. CAPACITANCE -1 +4 0 EL. INDUCTANCE +1 -4 +2 EL. FIELD STRENGTH +1 -2 -1 MAGN. FIELD STRENGTH +1 -3 0 MAGNETIC FLUX +1 -1 0 PLANCK CONSTANT +1 +2 -1 GRAVITY CONSTANT -1 +3 -2 HUBBLE CONSTANT 0 0 -1 ATOMIC FINE STR.CONST 0 0 0 RYDBERG CONSTANT 0 -1 0 CONCLUSIONS Our analysis shows that electromagnetic phenomena are pure mechanical processes of matter on which Newtonian mechanical laws can be applied. Space is associated with a very high DENSE MEDIUM, 3 1/Eo=1.13E11 kg/m Page 17 and having an energy density of 2 3 q.C =4E29 Ws/m approximately. The pressure on closed particle surfaces is in the order of 2 4E28 N/m holding particles and matter together. Hence, electromagnetism, seems to be PURE MECHANICAL PROCESSES of matter. These new insights will offer a platform for describing electromagnetism and other processes of fundamental nature. References : PHYSICS HANDBOOK Chartwell-Bratt Ltd, Old Orchard, Bickley Road, Bromley, Kent BR1 2NE, England ISBM 3-88598-007-X ELECTIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS Cambridge University Press 1976, ISBN 0 521 21228 6 or ISBN 0 521 29076 7, 32 East 57th Street, New York OWN WORKS: A NEW WAY TO PHYSICS, ISBN 91 97077534, 1990, paperback 500 pages -------------------------------------------------------------------- If you have comments or other information relating to such topics as this paper covers, please upload to KeelyNet or send to the Vangard Sciences address as listed on the first page. Thank you for your consideration, interest and support. Jerry W. Decker.........Ron Barker...........Chuck Henderson Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet -------------------------------------------------------------------- If we can be of service, you may contact Jerry at (214) 324-8741 or Ron at (214) 242-9346 -------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 18