Newsgroups: alt.sci.physics.new-theories Path: corax.udac.uu.se!sunic!ericom!eds.ericsson.se!eraotg From: eraotg@eds.ericsson.se Subject: A NEW ATOMIC THEORY Message-ID: <1994Jan19.105113.1@eds.ericsson.se> Lines: 682 Sender: news@ericsson.se Nntp-Posting-Host: era5.ericsson.se Organization: LM Ericsson Data AB, Stockholm, Sweden Date: Wed, 19 Jan 1994 08:51:13 GMT (Transmitted 12/10-1993) (Transmitted 19/1-1994) FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS AND THE LAWS OF THE ATOM DERIVED FROM NEW HYPOTHETICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES By: Ove Tedenstig Idungatan 37, 19551 M{rsta Sweden Date: 14/9-1993 ABSTRACT: BY PERFORMING A SIMPLE ANALYSIS OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM, BASED ON SOME NEW ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF MATTER, IT IS SHOWN THAT THE PROTON, BEING THE NUCLUES OF THE ATOMIC CORE, IS A PARTICLE WITH A DIMENSIONAL EXTENSION OF 30-35 FERMI ( HENCE 10 TIMES LARGER THAN SUGGESTED BY CURRENT PHYSICAL THEORIES ), AND HAVING THE SAME DENSITY OF MASS AS THE ELECTRON. THE CONCLUSIONS OF THESE INSIGHTS WILL BE THAT THE IDEA OF QUARKS AS BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ARE ERRONEOUS. THE MODEL GIVES ALSO A NEW UNDERSTANDING OF THE QUANTUM MACHANICAL PROCESSES IN MATTER AS WELL AS A FINAL SOLUTION TO THE BOHR'S QUANTUM CONDITION AND THE REASON OF EXISTENCE OF ATOMIC FUNDAMENTAHL CONSTANTS ,h, THE PLANCK'S CONSTANT AND ,a, THE ATOMIC FINE STRUCTURE CONSTANT. SOME HISTORICAL FACTS AND BACKGROUND In fundamental physics, two of the most important elementary constants are Planck's constant (h) and the atomic fine structure constant (a, or a-1 inverse). These two constants have not been explained entirely satisfactory, which has created a handicap in the efforts to understand nature. When Bohr for the first time formulated his atomic theory, he used a hypothetical relation denoted m.v.D=h/(2.Pi). But Bohr never succeeded to give any good motivation for it. Later on, his theory was replaced with Schrdinger's wave quantum theory, which in a more complete theoretical way described phenomena on atomic level, but however, did not clairify some very important things, still not given any good solution. Since then, much has been deceloped and improved in quantum theory, but still some very fundamental questions remains unsolved and unanswered. =============================== THE NEW THEORY: The base for our investigation is a new model of the atomic system, which contains parts of Bohr's original assumption, but complemented by some new ideas, The base idea is visualized in the figure 1 for the most simple case, their hydrogen atom. D / (Radius Rp) o ----------------------/ proton electron / oscillates in the electric field (Figure 1) In the simplest atom, the hydrogen atom, the core being a proton surrounded by a single electron in orbit. Both these particles are electrical charged and attract each other with the Coulomb force. The orbiting movement create an inertial force which balance with the electrical force. The proton is surrounded by an electric field and having an electric dipol momentum which create a torsional force on the proton when the proton twist in the electric field, being proportional to the deviation angle. The proton is regarded a swirl of very fundamental matter, having a do-nut form (smooke ring form) where the matter into the particle moves regurlarly (spin) as well as in a stokastik way. The mass density of the proton is the same as in the electron. The vibrations of the proton create a corresponding disturbance in the surrounding electric field, which in turn will disturbe the movement of the orbiting electron. MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS: The Coulomb force between the proton and the electron is: 2 1) Fq = K1/D where "D" is the momentanoues distans between the orbiting electron and the proton nucleus. K1 is calculated from Coulomb's law by : 2 __ 2) K1 = e /(4.//.Eo) The orbiting electron moves with velocity , v. We suppose this velocity is small so that the kinetic energy of the electron may be computed by Newton's ordinary formlua : 2 3) Ekin = 1/2.me.v The electron is situated in a force field and according to classical laws that correspond to a potential energy. The potential energy can be computed from 4) Epot = -K1/D In a system where the energy content is unchanged, (hence with no radiation or no absorbing of energy), the sum of kinetic and potential energy is constant; hence; 2 5) Etot = Ekin + Epot = 1/2.me.v - K1/D It is well known that the frequency of the emitted radiation from an atom (light) cannot be associated directly with the orbital frequency of the orbiting electron, but differs from it. The reason for that will be described here in terms of some new hypotheses involving the properties of those elementary particles contained in the system. Two of these hypotheses are as follows: 6) Electrons, as well as protons, are here regarded as homogeneous particles having constant mass density and they can be idealized as points. 7) The electrostatic Coulomb force acts in a polarizing way on the proton, much in analogy with how a torsional momentum arises on a current wire loop situated in a magnetic field. Hypothesis 6) is contrary to the current belief which states that the extension of a particle (or a particle system) is in an inverse proportion to its mass or energy content. However, this belief is, in the author's opinion, founded on a misinterpretation emanating from De Broglie's formula __ m.v.w=h/(2.//) applied as an universal rule for all particles, or particle systems. The point 6) hypothesis can be formulated in mathematical terms as : 1/3 8) Rp = re.(Mp/me) where Rp is the rest radius, or extension, of the proton. In accordance with the point 7) hypothesis a torsional force is created on the proton particle and the magnitude of this torsional force or momentum will be in proportion to a divergence from a neutral angular position. That we can qualify by the formula : 9) Ft = (s/Rp).Fq where s is a small distance movement of the periphery of the proton surface; Rp is the proton radius; and Fq is the maximum Coulomb force applied on the proton. When the particle twist around its own mass center in the electrostatic field, inertial forces are created in accordance with Newton's second law of force, giving 2 2 10) Fm = Mp.d s/dt The two forces, Ft and Fm, here defined are in balance at each moment of time, creating an electro-mechanical oscillator, described by the differential equation 2 2 11) d s/dt.Mp -(s/Rp).Fq = 0 Substituting 1) in 11) we can reduce this formula to 2 2 12) d s/dt - s.K2 = 0 ; 2 12a) K2= K1/(Mp.Rp.D ) defined for simplicity We solve this very simple harmonical differential equation and get the period of the vibration, tp, of the proton particle __ ______ __ 13) tp = 2.//./ 1/K2 = 2.//.K3.D ; /-------- 13a) K3= /Mp.Rp/K1 tp is here the oscillating time of the proton particle of the atomic system, caused by existing electrostatic forces and mass inertial forces that are involved in the system. Because the proton, as well as the electron, is an electrical charged particle, both particles are surrounded by electrical fields. But there is a great difference between these two particles : they differ approximately in the ratio 1:2000 in mass, with the result that the lighter particle, here the electron, will be much more sensitive to disturbances in the surrounding electrical field. Hence the electron will be disturbed in its movement by the angular changing field, and as a disturbance will not disappear instantly, a resonance effect will arise between the electron's orbital time and the proton's oscillating time. We introduce, in a similar way to Bohr, a quantum number, n , constituting an integer ratio between these two time periods, giving 14) tp.n = torb __ 15) torb= 2.//.D/v Here, for simplicity, it is supposed that the electron orbit is a circle or that D and v represent mean values for distance and velocity. We combine 13), 14) and 15) and solve for the orbital velocity of the equation as : 16) v = 1/(n.K3) Furthermore, we have a balance situation between the orbital centrifugal force, an inertial force, and the electrical Coulomb centrifugal force, giving : 2 2 17) me.v/D = K1/D In combination with 16) we solve for the value , D , as 2 2 18) D = (K1/me).n.(K3) Now we can compute the total energy stored in the system, using 5),16) and 18) 2 19) Etot = 1/2.me/(n.K3) We make a study of this energy in two different cases, when n=n1 and when n=n2 respectively, corresponding with the total energy in the system of E1 and E2. When the orbital particle (the electron) jumps between these two states of energy, the energy difference E1-E2 is emitted in the form of radiation (light) or absorbed by radiation from the environment. We find this energy difference to be 2 2 2 20) dE= E1-E2 = 1/2.me.(1/K3).(.(1/n1 - 1/n2 ) = 2 1/2.me.(1/K3).f(n) ; 2 2 20a) f(n)= (1/n1 - 1/n2 ) As was stated before, the frequency of the radiated energy is not the same as the orbital frequency of the electron as computed from 15). Instead, the emitted or absorbed frequency constitutes a difference between two succesive proton disturbance frequencies at accations n1 and n2 respectively, and a mean value of it (compare mixing frequencies in a radio receiver). The factor 1/2 is motivated by that the proton frequency is successively changed from fp1 to fp2 during the jump : Hence, by this hypothesis we can define 21) fout = 1/2.(fp1-fp2) and using 14), 15), 16) 18) and 21) we get : __ 2 3 22) tp = 2.//.(K1/me).n. K3 3 2 fp = (1/2).(1/tp) = (1/2).(me/K1).(1/(K3.n )) __ 3 23) fout = me.f(n)/(4.//.K1.K3 ) We divide the result from 20) by the result of 23) and obtain Planck's constant, by definition equal to dE/fout __ 24) h = dE/fout = 2.//.K1.K3 From 8), 13) we get 2/3 ___________ 25) K3 = (Mp/me) . / (me.re/K1) / and multiplying both sides by K1: 2/3 __________ 26) K1.K3= (Mp/me). / me.re.K1 / We combine 24), 26) and 2) giving ___________________ __ 2/3 / 2 __ 27) h= 2.//.(Mp/me). / (e.me.re/(4.//.Eo)) / We define 2/3 28) (a-1) = (Mp/me) which is an approximative value for the fine structure constant, the inverse value. We compute the numerical value of h in 27) by inserting known -34 numerical constants, giving 7.3x10 Js, to be compared with -34 6.62x10 Js as the official sanctioned value for this constant. The reason for the small discrepancy is that the relation 1/3 (Rp/re) is some 5% too large. a-1 is axactly 137.02 . In turn the reason for this is due to imprecisely known parameters of mass distribution on the proton as well as of distribution of charge over the proton surface not exactly is known. Bohr's quantum mechanical relation, written __ m.v.D=h/(2.//), then is computed in the following way: Inserting the result of 6) and 18) in the product of m.v.D gives =============================== ___ 29) me.v.D = n.h/(2.//) =============================== which is the quantum mechanical condition Bohr used as a fundamental condition for his quantum theory but without givning it any physical or logical motivation. From equation 8) we compute the proton radius to -15 34.506545 fermi (1 fermi = 10 meters), the officially sanctioned value for the proton radius (or extension) being 1 to 2 fermi but these result is based on very unsure estimations. Testing the proton radius in relation to experimental results from quantum theory we find that the exact value is 32.9874714 fermi, hence some 4-5 % lower than out estimated and calculated value. It is well known that the "classical" electron radius can be computed from the relation 2 e 30) re = ------------- __ 2 4.//.Eo.me.c Using this result in 27), the expression for Planck's constant can be simplified to ================================= __ 31) h = 2.//.me.re.c.(a-1) ================================= We also compute more define expressions for outgoing wavelength and frequency. Combining 2) and 30) gives : 2 e 1 1 32) re = ------. ------- = K1. ---------- __ 2 2 4.//.Eo me.c me.c 2 33) K1 = me.re.c Combining 25) and 28) gives : __________ 34) K3 = (a-1). /(me.re/K1) / Using these results and inserting them in 23) we get __ 2 _________ fout = me.f(n)/(4.//.K1.(a-1).me.re/K1.(a-1). /(me.re/K1 =================================== f(n).c 35) fout = ---------------- __ 3 4.//.re.(a-1) =================================== and the wavelength of the emitted wave : ========================================== c 1 __ 3 36) w = ---- = ------.4.//.re.(a-1) fout f(n) ========================================== We compute the energy quantum emitted from 20), inserting the constant K1 and K3 into it : ============================================================= 2 K1 37) dE = 1/2.me.f(n).(1/K3 ) = 1/2.me.f(n). ----------- = 2 (a-1).me.re 2 2 1/2.f(n).me.c.(1/(a-1) ) ============================================================== The electron mass converted to energy corresponds to 0.511 Mev. The official exact value of the atomic fine structure constant inverse is 137.03, so that ============================ 38) dE = 13.6. f(n).eV ============================ The classical electron radius is computed from 32) and found to -15 be 2.8179x10 meters. Inserting this value into 36) gives ============================= 7 39) 1/w = f(n).1.097x10 m-1 which is Rydberg's constant ============================= For completeness we also compute more distinct values of the orbital radius, D , and the orbital velocity of the electron, v. Inserting the values of K1 and K3 from 33) and 34) in the formulae 18) and 16) respectively, we obtain : ==================================== K1 2 2 2 2 40) D= ---.n.K3 = re.(a-1).n me ==================================== and ==================================== 41) v = 1/(n.K3) = c/(n.(a-1)) ==================================== If n is put equal to 1, one obtains the limiting values of D and -31 5 v equal to 5.29x10 meters and 2.19x10 m/s respectively. The limiting value of Dorb is usually called the Bohr radius. SHR\DINGER'S WAVE EQUATION Shr|dinger's wave equation has been of central importance in the development of atomic quantum theory. The equation is represented by the function Y and it describes the probability of finding an orbital electron at a specific point of the atomic volume. Much has been speculated about what this "mystical" equation really stands for and what it represents or how it should be interpreted physically. It will be shown here that it is, in principle, the same as our equation 12) above, but transformed to conditions at the orbital level of the atom. In its most simple form, Shrdinger's equation can be written as: 2 __ 2 42) d Y 4.// ------- - -------.Y = 0 2 2 ds w where Y is a wavefunction of probability of finding an electron of an atom at a specified point in space, or decribing the distribution of energy within a specified space element; w is the wavelength of the emitted radiation from the atom; ds is a small distance element in space represented by a specified coordinate system (x,y,z,O). We start with our equation 12) giving 2 43) d s ---- - s.K2 = 0 2 dt 2 2 where K2 = K1/(Mp.Rp.D ) (from 12a) and K1= me.re.c (from 33). We then rewrite the equation, replacing s by the wavefunction Y 2 44) d Y ----- - K2.Y = 0 2 dt Because the emitted radiation moves with the velocity of light, c, we can define the following relations : 2 2 2 45) dt = ds/c ; dt = ds/c 2 46) d Y 2 ---- . c - K2.Y = 0 2 ds The variable K2 is transformed with the aid of 28) and 40) in the following way K1 47a) K2 = --------- 2 Mp.Rp.D 2 me.re.c 47b) K2 = --------------------------------------- 2 4 4 (Mp/me).me.(Rp/re).re.re .(a-1) .n 2 c 47c) K2= -------------------- 2 6 4 re .(a-1). n __ 2 4.// 47d) K2 = -------------------- __ 3 2 2 (2.//.re.(a-1) .n/c) Studying equation 36) we can easily see that the product within the parenthesis is equal to , wp , giving ___ 2 2 4. //. c 48) K2 = -------------- 2 Wp We insert this result in 46) to obtain 2 __ 2 49) d Y 4.// ---- - ------.Y = 0 2 2 ds Wp This equation represents oscillations of the proton, not vibrations on the orbital level where wavelength are two times greater. Hence, this euqtion tranformed to the orbital level will be ================================== 2 __ 2 50) d Y 4. // ----- - ------.Y = 0 2 2 ds w ================================== on the orbital level of the atom, which is Shr|dinger's wave equation in its simplest form. CONCLUSIONS Most of all the results here achieved correspond well with knowns results, accepted in current quantum physical theories, but there are also differences which deserve attenion. In some distinct points we here summarize the most important and unique results that have been so far arrived at : 1) Quantum mechanical processes within an atom can be described in terms of well known physical laws from electrophysics and ny Newton's mass inertial laws. The model gives a deterministic description of these processes. 2) Planck's constant is an atomic system constant limited to atomic systems or atomic-like systems, and havning no common use. The constant is composed of four other more fundamental entities, the electron rest mass, me, the electron rest radius, re, the velocity of light, c, and the proton rest mass, Mp. 3) The atomic fine structure constant is a realtion between the proton rest mass, Mp, and the electron rest mass, me, raised to 2/3 approximately (the exact value corresponds to the exponent of 0.65467 instead of 2/3= 0.66667). This constant is contained in Planck's constant, which can be written h=2.//.me.re.c.(a-1) 2/3 where (a-1)= (Mp/me) approximately. 4) The proton is regarded as a point-formed particle with an isotropic distribution of matter (hence containing no quarks as current theory suggests). Mass density in all point-formed elementary particles is regarded as a constant entity. 5) The proton radius or its extension is much larger, 30-35 fermi approximately, than that accepted by official data, 1 to 2 fermi. Our conclusion must be that the official value is based on erroneous and misinterpreted measurements. 6) The frequency of emitted radiation, light for instance, from an atom is not the orbital frequency of the electron, but a mean value of the difference between two successive stable proton oscillating states. A good analogy is how two frequencies are mixed together in a radio receiver. 7) Elementary particles of extreme nature, since they have a point-formed structure, have polarized electrical fields as well as even magnetized polarized fields. A listing of symboles used, source CERN PARTICLE PROPERTIES DATA BOOKLET 1988) : -12 -1 Eo the permittivity of vacuum 8.854 187 817x10 F m -1 c the velocity of light 299 792 458 m s -19 e the elementary charge 1.602 177 33(49)x10 C unit -31 me the electron rest mass 9.109 389 7(54)x10 kg Mp the proton rest mass 1836.152 701(37) x me -15 re the "classical" 2.817 940 92(38)x10 m electron radius -34 h Planck's constant 6.626 075 5(40)x10 J s (a-1) the inverse value of 137.035 989 5(61) the atomic fine (dimensionless) structure constant -10 Bohr radius 0.529 177 249(24)x10 m Rydberg energy 13.605 698(40) eV Pi 3.141 592 653 589 793 238 References : 1) Particle Properties Data Booklet, april 1988, CERN Scientific Information Service CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerlan 2) Physics Handbook, Chartwell-Bratt Ltd, Old Orchard, Bickley Road, Bromley, Kent BR1 2NE, England, ISBN 0-86238-000-6 3) A new way to physics 1990, by O.Tedenstig, ISBN 91 97077534 4) A new model of interaction between matter and vaccum, by O.Tedenstig, Galilean Electrodynamics xxx/yyy 1993. (Earlier pubshed in the BASRA Journal and Toth Maatian Review) -- Ove Tedenstig, ERA, Borgarfjordsgatan 9, 16480 Kista/Sweden EMAIL: ERAOTG@KIERA.ERICSSON.SE