Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; CHARSET=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7BIT ******************************************************** * ElectroMagnetic Properties of matter derived from a * * new model of interaction between mattern and vacuum * * space. * ******************************************************** (Updated 7/10 1994) --------------------------- By Ove Tedenstig Idungatan 37, 19551 Maersta Sweden --------------------------- PART 1(2) ABSTRACT Electromagnetic theory as developed by many great scientists during more than two centuries has been very successful in describing electromagnetic phenomena in nature. But many problems remain unsolved. Source and origin of electro- magnetism and its true basic nature are still not fully understood. It is here presented a new theoretical and mathematical model, which applied on these problems will offer a new and different understanding. As base for this model, Newton's second law of force is used, combined with new basic assumptions of properties of elementary particles and the vacuum space. As result new basic insights of electro- magnetic mechanisms are received together with known results from common electromagnetic theory. -------------- Vacuum, or "empty space" is a common concept used when trying to describe a void in lack of matter. However, since Maxwell's days, this vacuum space has been allotted physical properites by associating physical constants to it, indicating that his vacuum may have properties which can be expressed in physical meaningful terms like for instance mass and energy. Two such constants are Eo, the permittivity of vacuum constant, and uo, the permeablility of vacuum constant, associated with the electrical and magnetical properties of the electromagnetic field respectively. When an electric voltage is connected to two metal platens, not being in galvanic contact with each other, a dispacement current seems to flow through the "empty void" situated between the two platens. A corresponding electric current of electrons then flow through the wires connecting the two platens via the supplier source (the battery). The question we may ask is wether this void between the two platens is empty or if there is something hidden there which mediate the current ? In any case it seems hard to explain this phenomenon without doing the assumption that something really is hidden in the space between the two platens. When the voltage over the two platens has grown up (the capacitor has been charged), it has stored electric energy which later on can be supplied to an outer user. Then the interesting question is, where is the seat of this energy ? A similar problem arises when letting an electric current flow through a metallic wire (a conductor). A magnetic field is created around the conductor, giving rise to magnetic forces on a magnet or another conductor in the vicinity. Even here energy is stored and the question may be repeated, where is the seat of this energy ? In the magnetic case one suggestion may be that the energy is stored in kinetic energy of the moving electrons in the conductor. However, a rough estimation shows that it not can be true, this energy is too small. And in the capacitor case, there is hard to motivate energy stored by moving electrons. Therefore, the answer of the question must be something else. In a careful study, we will here come to the conclusion that vacuum itself is responsible of this energy storing and that the principles for it has much in common to how energy is stored in a flowing medium, water or air for instance. That will lead us to a hydromechanical model of electromagnetism, a model which we here will discuss and which we shall investigate more carefully. ---------------- Energy is by common definition dependent of two main variables, mass and movement. Transmitting this definition to space and electromagnetic fields means, that space itself has capabilities of storing mass and energy. We can imagine that property of space as a field of an invisible and untouchable fluidum, respon- sible for this energy storing. However, it must here carefully be accentuated that these hypothetical properties of space has nothing to do with the "old aether concept", used solely as a carrier of light in accord with old light wave theories. The medium here postulated is shown to be a very stiff and a very dense field medium. The field may be seen as a pre-stage of what we normally define as matter. Material particles then is parts of this field being fluctuations like condensed cores or drops in a cloud of rain. Particles interact with this field by exchanging energy and matter with it continously. This interacting process then is the electromagnetic field. As a consequence of these ideas, elementary particles, as for instance electrons, are built up by stuff of this field but having a different and more ordered structure. This "order in chaos" then make it possible for us to understand electromagnetism. --------------- BASIC RULES OF INTERACTION BETWEEN PARTICLE AND VACUUM SPACE. *) The amount of mass which streams in to a particle from the field is the same amount of mass which streams out from it during the same time. *) Outer impact forces from the field impinging on the limiting surface of the particle is in balance with inherent expansive forces. *) The energy density or the energy potential is the same in particle and field. * Density and velocity of the mass streaming in to the particle differ from that mass density and velocity which streams out from it. in field particle out field ----------> ----------> ----------> ----------> ----------> ----------> ----------> ----------> ----------> ----------> ----------> ----------> Figure 1. TEXT TO THE FIGURE 1: --------------------- Our idea is that electromagnetism is a result of a continuous interaction process between particle and space. Internal forces of particle and external forces generated by space are in balance. Space matter is streaming in to the particle and the same amount of matter is streaming out from it during the same period of time. in field particle out field ----------> ----------> ----------> ----------> ----------> ----------> --q,C ----> qp,c ---qe,c---> ----------> ----------> ----------> ----------> Figure 2. TEXT TO FIGURE 2: ----------------- Mass from the field of density q and velocity C (Obs not light velocity), streams in to the particle and the particle convert this mass into another mass field streaming out, having density qp and velocity c (light velocity). The product of these quanti- ties are the same over time, giving balance in the hydrodynamic process. The mass impulse streaming out is equivalanet with the electric field strength as defined by common electromagnetic theory. The physical/mathematical base for our model will be the common Newtonian mechanical laws and common hydro- mechanical laws. It will be of special interest to note that Newton's laws are fully applicable even on this very basic level of matter. Of that reason we start repeating these laws in a brief resume below. ------------------------- Newton's second law of force is knwon by the relation: 1a) =================================== F= d(m.v)dt = (dm/dt).v + m.(dv/dt) ======================================= or in words: force is the time derivative of the product of mass and velocity (the momentum) of a moving body. In most cases the mass is a constant entity and then the first term may be ignored. The expression 1) then can be simplified to : 1b) ============= Newton's second law of force simplified F.dt = m.dv for the case of mass invariance. ================= As a consequence of these laws a set of other well known results are established, briefly presented as follows: 1c) ====================== Acceleration force F = m.a 1d) ---------------------- Acceleration 2 2 a= d s/dt = dv/dt 1e) ---------------------- Relation distance/time ds= v.dt 1f) ---------------------- Non-relativistic energy s 2 E= I (F.ds) = 1/2.m.v 1g)----------------------- Force for spinning movements 2 2 F = m.v/r = m.w.r =========================== A relation used in hydromechanics of flowing matter is as follows, some simplified with no use of vector notation: 1g) ================= The flow of mass with density q dm = q.dA.dt.v and velocity v through an area dA ===================== during time dt. Some consequences of that combined with result from 1) gives : 2) ============================= m = q.A.t.v from 1g) 2 m= q.A.t.v = F.t from 1b) 2 F= q.A.v ; F/A = q.v impact pressure of mass field of density q and velocity v. ================================ That will be the main base to start with. We will now apply these laws on electromagnetism and derive most of all important relationships known from this part of science, by addition of some new results. -------------- To start with, we define an elementary particle (an electron for instance) as a closed entity with limiting area, A. The pressure on its surface from space is computed by 2) as follows : 3) =================== q = vacuum field density 2 C = vacuum field velocity F/A = q.C F/A = vacuum field pressure ====================== This force is acting from outside of the particle actuated by the mass inflow from space. But the matter into the particle itself move in a "stochastic" way in a similar way as matter in a gas, creating an internal counter expanding pressure calculated by : 4) =================== Internal pressure of particle 2 with mass density qp and internal F/A = qp. c velocity c. ====================== The external pressure and the internal pressure are in balance, giving equality between 3) and 4) : 5a) ================ Equality between external and 2 2 internal pressure of particle q.C = qp. c 5b) ---------------- Particle mass density qp = Mp/Vp Mp = particle mass Vp = particle volume 5c) ---------------- Vacuum mass density 2 c = velocity of light c .Mp C = velocity of space q = --2----- q = vacuum mass density C .Vp ================================================== By aid of our formula 1g) for a flowing medium, we calculate the mass inflow to the particle to : 6) ================== Mass streaming in from space to particle Min = q.Ap.tp.C during time tp. Ap is the particle active interacting area. ===================== and the corresponding outflow from the particle during the same time : 7) ==================== Mass streaming out from particle Mout = qout.Ap.tp.c to space during time tp. ======================= For stability of the particle claims that there is balance between in- and outflow, giving equivalence between 6) and 7) : 8a) ======================== Equality in inflow and outflow q.Ap.tp.C = qout.Ap.tp.c 8b) ------------------------ Density of outflow field mass qout = q.C/c ============================ and from that we can calaculate the outflow density from the particle on distance r from its center point to : 9) =================================== The outstreaming field 2 2 mass density from particle Rp Rp on distance r from its qr = qout. ---2-- = q.(C/c).---2-- center point r r ====================================== For an electron or similar particle, the mass of this particle is completely converted to space during one turn of its spin movement, giving: 10a) ================ The electron mass is completely me = q.Ae.te.C converted by interaction with space 10b) ---------------- during the electron's converting me time, te. q= ----------- Ae.te.C ===================== Equality between 5) and 10) then gives : 11a)======================== equality between 5),10) 2 me c .Mp -------- = --2------ Ae.te.C C .Vp 11b)------------------------ solving out the space velocity 2 from 11a) c.Mp.Ae.te C = ------------- me.Vp ============================ where C is the effective velocity of field entities of space. Instering this result in formula 11), we can solve out the vacuum space density to : 12)==================================== solving out the vacuum 2 mass density as function me.me.Vp me .Vp of particle parameters q= -------2-------- = ---2--2-2--- Ae.te.c.Mp.Ae.te Ae.te.c.Mp ======================================= In aim to simlify and making our idea more clear and obvious, we define a set of relations between particle properties, such as interacting area, volume, radius and mass converting time for each specific particle form. The assumption is that a charged particle has torus form and that the effective interacting area is the integrating part of the torus in- or outflow side. 13a) =========================== Effective interacting area 2 Ap = Ka.Rp 13b)---------------------------- Particle volume 3 Vp = Kv.Rp 13c)---------------------------- Particle converting time tp = Kt.Rp/vp vp is spin velocity 13d)---------------------------- Relationship between Ka/Kv Kav = Ka/Kv 13e)--------------------------- Paramters of electron 2 (special case) Ae = Ka.re ; 3 Ve = Kv.re ; te = Kt.re/c ; Kav = Ka/Kv 13f)----------------------------------- 2 2 Ka = (2.re) = 4.Pi A = (2.re).Pi Kt = 2.Pi t = 2.Pi.re/c 2 2 Kv = (pi).2.Pi = 2.Pi V =(Pi.re ).(2.Pi.re) ======================================= Using these definitions, the expression in 12) can be simplified to : 14a)===================== Velocity of free space entities of the vacuum field C = Kt.Kav.c 14b)------------------------------------- The pseudo mass me me.Kv density of vacuum q = ------2------3- = ---2--2--3- space Ka.Kt.Kav.re Ka.Kt.re ========================================= and the formula 9) rewritten to : 15)========================== The outfiled mass density from 2 N particles on distance r from Rp its center point. qr = q.Kt.Kav. ----2-.N r ============================= We will later see that the quantity qr multiplied with the particle outflow velocity, vp, is equivalent with the electric _ field strength (commonly denoted E) outside the charged particle. ------------- DERIVING THE COLOUMB'S LAW OF ELECTRIC FORCE o o ----> o o o o <---- o o o R1 o ----> o R2 o o o <---- o o o o ----> o o FIGURE 3 Coulomb's law of electric force is the most well known law of electromagnetism, a law mostly derivied on pure emperical basis. We will here show that this force is an effect of the in- and outflow as described by formulae 6),7) and the internal spin of the particle. Studying two points, N1 och N2, containing electrons, protons (or similar particles of point nature), in each point and having radii R1 and R2 and spin velocity v1,v2 respectively. Using 2),8),7),9),15) then gives : 16a) ============================= The outfiled mass density 2 from particles on distance r. Rp qr = q.Kt.Kav. --2-- .N1 r 16b)------------------------------ The output mass from the min = qr.A2.t2.c = source particle interacting with another particle on 2 distance r. qr.Ka.R2.Kt.(R2/v2).c = 2 2 2 q.Kt.Kav.(R1/r ).N1.Ka.R2.Kt.(R2/v2).c = 2 2 3 2 q.Kt.Ka.Kav.R1.R2.c.N1/(r.v2) ============================================= where, min , is that mass which is captured by the second particle from the first particle's mass outflow. Each mass particle of the outflowing field is a carrier of mass and spin, where the spin velocity is the same as from the mother particle. This mass impulse (momentum) is captured by the receiving particle and converted to the inherent velocity "c" (the particle's inherent velocity), giving the converting relation : 17)=================== The input momentum is absorbed and min.v1 = mabs.c converted by the particle ====================== Using Newton's formula for rotating movement, the absorbed mass give rise to a counter reaction force on the second particle. This force is primarily calculated, using Newton's force formula for cirkular movements (spin 1g), giving : 18)========================================================= 2 _ mabs.v2 _ F = -------.n.N2 = R2 2 2 2 2 q.Kt.Ka.Kav.R1.R2.c.(v1/c).v2 _ -----------2------------------.n.N1.N2 = r.v2.R2 2 2 q.(Kt.2.Ka.sqrt(Pi/Kv).R1.v1.N1).(Kt.2.Ka.sqrt(Pi/Kv).R2.v2.N1) _ 3 ---------------------------------------------------------------. r/r 4.Pi ============================================================= >From this expression we can identify the following quantities as defined by common electromagnetic theory : 19a)==================================== The "charge" of particle 1 2 using common definitions Q1 = 2.Kt.Ka.sqrt(Pi/Kv).R1.v1.N1 19b)------------------------------------ The "charge" of particle 2 2 using common definitions Q2 = 2.Kt.Ka.aqrt(Pi/Kv).R2.v2.N2 19c)------------------------------------ The electron unit charge 2 using common definitions eo= 2.Kt.Ka.sqrt(Pi/Kv).re.c 19d)----------------------------------- Assumed equality for all 2 2 2 true point charged particles R1.v1 = R2.v2 = re.c 19e)----------------------------------- Spin velocity for all true 2 2 point charged particles vp = c.(re/Rp) 19f)----------------------------------- Mass density of vacuum is the inverse value of the q = 1/Eo "dielectricity of vacuum constant Eo ". 19g)----------------------------------- For exactness compared with 2 common theory 2.Kt.Ka.sqrt(pi/Kv) = eo/(re.c) 19h)---------------------------------- For exactness compared with common theory 2 2 3 Ka.Kt.re -------- = Eo me.Kv ========================================= where Q1 and Q2 are the charge quantities of each point of an electric charged particle and, eo , is the charge quantity of a singular charge, an electron for instance, as defined by common theory. The inverse or reciprocal value of, q, is identified as the dielectricity constant of vacuum, Eo , hence being defined as a mass density, reciprocal. By these definitions then we can formulate Coulomb's law in its more common form : 20)============================== _ Q1 . Q2 _ 3 F = ----------. r/r 4.Pi. Eo ================================= THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH AROUND A CHARGED PARTICLE Electric field strenght is commonly defined as the electric force per unit charge, hence by calculated the relation F/Q. Using results from 19) and 20) then we get the following results : 21)======================================== Electric field _ strength in accord E = Fq/Q = with common theory Q . Q _ 3 Q _ 3 ---------.r/r = --------.r/r = 4.Pi.Eo.Q 4.Pi.Eo 2 q.2.Kt.Ka.sqrt(Pi/Kv).re.c _ 3 -----------------------------.r/r = 4.Pi =========================================== But from our theory, electric field strength is defined as the mass impulse density (momentum density) streaming out from the particle. That quantity is defined by the product of qr in 16) and the spin velocity of the outflow field as defined in 19e), giving : 22a)================================= Electric field strength _ ' _ in accord with this E = qr. vp = theory 2 Rp _ q.Kt.Kav. ---2--. N1 . vp = r 2 Rp 2 2 _ q.Kt.Kav. ---2-- .N1 . c.(re/Rp ) . n = r 2 _ 3 q.Kt.Kav.N1.re.c. r/r 22b)------------------------------------ Relationsship between electric field strenght results from common theory and this theory 2 q.2.Kt.Ka.sqrt(Pi/Kv).re.c _ 3 ------------------------------.r/r = 4.Pi E/E' = ------------------------------------------- = 2 _ 3 q.Kt.Kav.N1.re.c. r/r E/E' = (1/2).sqrt(Kv/pi) ============================================================ ---------- _ DERIVING ONE OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS DIV(E) = 0 For later use when deriving Maxwell's equations of the electric field, we will derive one of his famous equation of the electric field. Starting from 21) gives : _ 23a)=========================================== div(E) for _ _ 3 2 a point charge E = K. r/r where K = q.Kt.Kav.N1.re.c _ _ 3 2 2 2 div(E) =K . div( r/r ) where r= SQRT(x +y +z ) xi + yj +zk div ---------------- = 2 2 2 3/2 ( x +y +z ) 2 2 2 1/2 2 2 2 2 3/2 3/2.(x +y +z ) . 2.x - (x +y +z ) + 2 2 2 1/2 2 2 2 2 3/2 3/2.(x +y +z ) . 2.y - (x +y +z ) + 2 2 2 1/2 2 2 2 2 3/2 3/2.(x +y +z ) . 2.z - (x +y +z ) -------------------------------------------- = 0 2 2 2 3 (x +y +z ) 23b)============ for the field strength _ around a point charge div(E) = 0 ================ ----------------------- CALCULATING THE STORED ENERGY IN A PLANE ELECTRIC CAPACITOR ______________________ ! ! area A ! ! - ========!======== ---- + volume = A.D -------- ========!======== ! ! ! !____________________! FIGURE 4 For demonstration we will here apply our ideas of electromagnetism on an electric plane capacitor. For simplicity, we choose a capacitor with plane parallel metal platens with each area, A , on distance, D , from each other. We know that this arrangement is capable of storing electric energy in the space between the two platens, and that the energy stored is in the common field of density q as derived by our theory in formula 14). For making it possible to explain the energy storing of that capacitor, we assume that the common field with denstiy, q, between the two platens is actuated by the free electrons situated on the two platens. 25)================== The volume enclosed in a V = A.D plane capacitor ===================== hence, the enclosed mass with density, q, within this volume is actuated by : 26)================== The total field mass enclosed Mq = q.A.D between the platens in a plane electric capacitor ===================== We assume that this mass is transported with a velocity, vf, activated by the free electrons on the two platens, acting as small generators holding the flow active. The transport of mass over the capacitor area, A , during the converting time , te , of the free electrons then is: 27)========================== The inflow of mass to a min = (me.N) = q.A.te.vf "charged particle" ============================= This amount of mass is the same as this mass which is converted by the free electrons on the same time, hence being eual to the electron mass times the number of free electrons. Hence, there is equality between 26) and 27). From this equality we solve out the field velcocity between the two platens to : 28)=========================== The interposed velocity of vf = me.N/(q.A.t) the q field enclosed in the capacitor ============================== When calculated this velocity, we find that the field velocity is lower than that compared with the velocity of light, c . Of that reason we, for the stored energy make use of Newton's ordinary energy formula for low velocities (compared with the light velocity). Hence, for the stored field energy we get : 29)========================================= 2 W' = 1/2.Mq.vf = 2 2 2 2 2 1/2.(q.A.D).me.N/(q.A.te) = 2 2 2 1/2.me.N.D/(q.A.te ) = 2 2 2 2 3 2 me.N.D.Ka.Kt.re.c 1/2.-------------------------- 2 2 me.A.Kt.re.Kv 2 2 2 W' = 1/2.Ka/Kv.me.c.re.N.(D/A) ============================================== We convert this expression to a more conventional form by using 14),19) : 30a)======================================================= 2 2 3 2 2 2 Ka.Kt.re W'= 1/2.Ka/Kv.me.c.re.N.(D/A).(1/Eo).---------------. me.Kv Q1.Q2 ------------------------2-----------------------------2-- = (2.Kt.Ka.sqrt(Pi/Kv).re.c.N). (2.Kt.Ka.sqrt(Pi/Kv).re.c.N) 2 Q1.Q2 Ka 1/2. ------.(D/A) . --------- Eo 4.Pi.Kv Q1.Q2 >From common electromagnetic theory W = 1/2. -------. (D/A) Eo hence, the relationship between that and our result will be: 30b)================== The relationship between energy in a 2 capacitor as calculated from common Ka theory and as calcualted from our W/W' = -------- new theory 4.Pi.Kv ====================== 2 We can see, that for exact agreement, the product of Ka/Kv must be equal to 4.Pi. ---------------------------------- (to be continued)