From robert@wwa.comMon Feb 5 01:30:18 1996 Date: Sat, 3 Feb 1996 13:44:39 -0600 (CST) From: Robert Stirniman To: david@ibg.uu.se Subject: A Longitudinal EM Force May Exist (Updated rewrite of an earlier article) A LONGITUDINAL-INERTIAL ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE MAY EXIST More than a few experiments have been conducted which provide evidence of the existence of a longitudinal EM force. A longitudinal force is not predicted by generally accepted theories of classical and relativistic electrodynamics. Dr Peter Graneau has conducted experiments which demonstrate departures from classical electrodynamics at high current levels. A force is found to exist in a direction longitudinal to current flow. Graneau ran a variety of types of experiments with a metal rod conductor immersed in a conductive fluid (mercury, or saline solution). With high current passing through the solution the metal rod is found to move in a longitudinal direction. The longitudinal force found by Graneau may be similar to the force (v X B) that William Hooper finds in a noninductive coil. Or Graneau's force may be a coupling between the electromagnetic and gravitational fields, which is predicted by some 5-D unified EM-gravitational theories -- predicted to result from a divergence of the electric current vector field. Graneau has also discovered apparently anomalous forces and effects in high energy electromechanical devices such as rail guns and induction motors. Thomas E. Phipps Jr of Urbana IL has conducted related experiments which also demonstrate that a longitudinal EM force exists. Phipps uses quartz or metal tuning fork senors, which are driven inductively and non-inductively, to confirm the existence of longitudinal Ampere forces. In another possibly related development, Rex Schlicher of Albuquerque NM, a former Air Force officer, has been awarded a patent for a device which he claims converts unipolar current pulses into a propulsive force which is longitudinal to the directiion of current flow. Schlicher presented a paper about this device at the 31st annual AIAA Joint Propulsion conference. Schlicher's invention uses a coaxial transmission line structure, at the end of which, the return current diverges into three separate current loops. The device also incorporates copper prisms internal to the coax structure, which are insulated from the transmission line, and provide an eddy current reflection via magnetic induction. In his paper to the AIAA, he describes his device as follows: A method is presented for generating mechanical spacecraft propulsion from unsymmetrical magnetic induction fields. It is based on an unsymmetrical three-dimensional loop antenna structure driven by a repetitively-pulsed high-current power supply. Antenna geometry is optimized for generating propulsive thrust rather than radiating electromagnetic energy. A magnetic field density gradient imbalances the magneto-mechanical forces that result from the interations of the internal magnetic induction field with the current in the conductors of the antenna structure. Another example where a longitudinal force, parallel to current flow, can be demonstrated is resistance welding. It is recognized by engineers in the high-current resistance welding industry, that once current becomes established between two work pieces, a strong force develops which helps to hold the pieces together. The force exists for both AC and DC current, and does not depend on direction of current flow. A detailed theoretical explanation is not proferred, except to say that it is a magnetic effect. Also related may be the work of E.G. Cullwick. In his book "Electromagnetism and Relativity", published in 1957, Cullwick was one of the first to provide an analysis of the probable coupling between EM and inertial fields. Cullwick realized that Maxwell's equations and most existing theories of electrodynamics assume that the mass of an electron is zero. At Maxwell's time this was a reasonable assumption. But it is well known today that electrons have mass, and therefore an inertial momemtum is always associated with an electric current. Cullwick suggested in his analysis that coupling terms between EM and inertia may be very small, but would likely appear sometime in the future as we go to higher current densities. And he was one of the first scientists to predict some of the odd effects which can now seen with superconductors. Cullwick was also one of the first to identify and attempt an analysis of the relativistic paradoxes and unusual effects which occur in a rotating EM field. His work still stands today as one of the only existing efforts to consider the problem of a rotating EM field. >From Richard Feynman's Lectures on Physics we learn that there is intrinsic field energy and momentum density associated with a static electro-magnetic field configuration. When there is a change in the magnetic field, this field energy and momentum can be directly converted into kinetic energy and mechanical momentum. Feynman illustrates this with an electromagnetic carousel paradox. In this paradox, a dielectric disk (which is embedded with small charged spheres along its circumference) rotates without any apparent "counter" torque in the system. Before this rotation occurs, the dielectric disk is immersed in a static magnetic field. The subsequent rotation occurs as a consequence to reducing the previously static magnetic field to zero. The angular momentum and rotational kinetic energy comes directly from the initial static magnetic field. In my opinion, there may be something important underlying all this -- along the lines of unification of electro-magnetic and gravitational-inertial forces. The kind of experiments identified above are relatively inexpensive to conduct. Yet, no one seems to be working on things like this. Why do most physicists nowadays seem to be either engaged in prohibitively expensive government sponsored experiments, or in creating elaborate mathematical theories which may or may not have practical value? What has become of the private laboratory and the experimentally oriented physicist? Regards, Robert Stirniman (robert@wwa.com) ====================================================================== References: Thomas E. Phipps, Jr. (Urbana, IL), "A Do-It-Yourself Refutation of Modern Physics," Galilean Electrodynamics, vol 6, no 5, Sept./Oct. 1994, pp 92-97, 31 refs, 2 figs. (Galilean Electrodynamics: P.O. Box 545, Storrs, CT 06268-0545) Some simple experiments employing a tuning fork sensor are described that confirm the existence of Ampere longitudinal forces and the validity of Newton's third law as applied to electrodynamics. These empirical results contradict the "universal covariance" hypothesis and the Lorentz force law, upon which modern physical theory is built. Descriptions have been given here of experimental methods, using metal or quartz tuning forks driven both inductively and non-inductively, bridging gaps with either mercury or fine wires, that plainly reveal the existence of longitudinal electrodynamic forces parallel to current direction. Books and articles by Peter Graneau: AUTHOR: Graneau, Peter. TITLE: Ampere-Neumann electrodynamics of metals/Peter Graneau. PUBL.: Nonantuma, MA. : Hadronic Press, FORMAT: ix, 311 p. : ill. ; 23 cm. DATE: 1985 SUBJECT Metals--Electric properties--History. Free electron theory of metals--History. Electrodynamics--History. Electric conductors--History. ISBN: 0911767371 AUTHOR: Graneau, Peter TITLE: Electromagnetic Jet Propulsion in the Direction of Current Flow In: Nature June 18, 1982 No 295 Page 311 AUTHOR(s): Graneau, P. TITLE(s): Ampere force calculation for filament fusion experiments. In: Physics letters. a MAR 22 1993 v 174 n 5/6 Page 421 AUTHOR(s): Graneau, P. TITLE(s): Comment on "The motionally induced back-EMF in railguns". In: Physics letters: [part A] DEC 02 1991 v 160 n 5 Page 490 AUTHOR(s): Graneau, Peter TITLE(s): The Difference between Newtonian and Relativistic Forces. In: Foundations of physics letters. OCT 01 1993 v 6 n 5 Page 491 AUTHOR(s): Graneau, P. TITLE(s): Electrodynamic momentum measurements. In: Journal of physics d: applied physics. DEC 01 1988 v 21 n 12 Page 1826 AUTHOR(s): Graneau, P. TITLE(s): Far-action versus contact action. In: Speculations in science and technology. 1990 v 13 n 3 Page 191 AUTHOR(s): Graneau, Peter TITLE(s): Inertia's Riddle. Summary: Inertia has been misunderstood ever since the time of Galileo says Dr. Graneau. In: Electronics world + wireless world. JAN 01 1990 v 96 n 1647 Page 60 AUTHOR(s): Graneau, P. TITLE(s): Longitudinal forces in Ampere's wire-arc experiment. In: Physics letters: [part A] MAY 08 1989 v 137 n 3 Page 87 AUTHOR(s): Graneau, P. Thompson, D.S. Morrill, S.L. TITLE(s): The motionally induced back-emf in railguns. In: Physics letters: [part A] APR 30 1990 v 145 n 8/9 Page 396 AUTHOR(s): Graneau, Peter TITLE(s): Nonlocal Action in the Induction Motor. In: Foundations of physics letters. OCT 01 1991 v 4 n 5 Page 499 AUTHOR(s): Graneau, P. Graneau, N. TITLE(s): The role of Ampere forces in nuclear fusion. In: Physics letters: [part A] MAY 04 1992 v 165 n 1 Page 1 AUTHOR: Graneau, Peter. TITLE: Underground power transmission : the science, technology, and economics of high voltage cables / Peter Graneau. PUBL.: New York : Wiley, FORMAT: x, 515 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. DATE: 1979 SUBJECT: Electric cables Electric power transmission Electric lines--Underground ISBN: 0471057576 Other References: "Electric Propulsion Study", by Dr Dennis Cravens of SAIC Corp, prepared for the Astronautics Laboratory at Edwards Air Force Base, August 1990, Report No AL-TR-89-040 "Mechanical Propulsion From Unsymmetrical Magnetic Induction Fields" by: R.L. Schlicher A.W. Biggs W.J. Tedeschi 31st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, July 10-12 1995 "The Feynman Lectures on Physics" by Richard Feynman, R.B. Leighton, and M. Sands, Volume II p 17-6 "Nonlinear Electromagnetic Propulsion System and Method", R.L. Schlicher Nineteenth Power Modulation Symposium of the IEEE, 1990 Page 139 "Classical Electrodynamics" by C.D. Jackson, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1975 "The Feynman Lectures on Physics" Richard Feynman, R.B. Leighton, and M. Sands, Volume II p 27-9 US Patent #5142861, "Nonlinear Electromagnetic Propulsion System", R.L. Schlicher et al. 1992 AUTHOR: Cullwick, E. G. (Ernest Geoffrey), 1903- TITLE: Electromagnetism and relativity : with particular reference to moving media and electromagnetic induction / by E. G. Cullwick. EDITION 2d ed. PUBL.: New York : J. Wiley, DATE: 1959 (2nd Edition) SUBJECT: Electromagnetic theory, Relativity (Physics) AUTHOR: Cullwick, E. G. (Ernest Geoffrey), 1903- TITLE: The fundamentals of electro-magnetism by E.G. Cullwick. EDITION 3rd ed. PUBL.: London, Cambridge U.P., DATE: 1966 (3rd Edition) SUBJECT: Electromagnetism AUTHOR: Cullwick, E. G. (Ernest Geoffrey), 1903- TITLE: The fundamentals of electro-magnetism; a restatement for engineering students and others of physical and theoretical principles in accordance with modern scientific thought, by E. Geoffrey Cullwick ... With an appendix and numerous examples on the recently adopted M.K.S. system of practical units ... PUBL.: New York, The Macmillan company; Cambridge, Eng., The University press, DATE: 1939 SUBJECT: Electromagnetism ============================================================================